Public health screening programs, especially in areas with poor access to care, have helped to control epidemics of infectious disease and to target treatment for chronic diseases. Our organization understands the tangible public health benefits of screening efforts. In practice, however, when screening is conducted in contexts of prevalent gender inequality, racial discrimination, sexual taboos, and poverty, these conditions shape the attitudes and beliefs of health system and public health decision makers as well as patients, including those who have lost confidence that the health care system will treat them fairly. Thus, if screening programs are poorly conceived, organized, or implemented, they may lead to interventions of questionable merit and enhance the vulnerability of groups and individuals.
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